When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal/offer. Offer is the starting point of a contract.
When one or many party/persons are invited to present or make an offer, it is called as invitation to offer. For example Advertisements invite consumers to make an offer to buy the product advertised.
Essential ingredients of a valid contract does not include existence of property.
Q4. An acceptance with a variation is:
A counter offer is an offer made in response to another offer, which was seen as unacceptable. A counter offer revises the initial offer, making it more appealing for the person making the new offer. Responding with a counter offer allows a person to decline on a previous offer, while allowing negotiations to continue.
Adequacy of consideration is not an essential ingredient of a valid contract.
A wagering contract is a contract by which a promisor agrees that upon the occurrence of an uncertain event or condition he or she will render a performance for which there is no agreed consideration exchanged, and under which the promisee or the beneficiary of the contract is not made whole for any loss caused by such occurrence (as in options, insurance contracts, trading in futures, or betting contracts).
Sec 56 of Indian Contract Act 1872 provides for discharge of parties from performance of contract if it has become impossible.
A promise made without an intention of performance of the promise is Fraud under Indian Contract Act 1872, (Sec 17).
Estonia became the first nation to hold legally binding general elections over the Internet with their pilot project for the municipal elections in 2005, The electronic voting system withstood the test of reality and was declared a success by Estonian election officials. The Estonian parliamentary election, 2007 also used Internet voting.
140. b In criminal cases the prosecution represents the state.
Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel and Rajendra Prasad all pursued education in the field of law.